Understanding the Interplay Between, Digital Transformational Leadership, Work-Life Balance, and Teacher Well-Being

CHARMINA A. JUANITEZ

Abstract


This study investigated the interplay between digital transformational leadership, work-life balance, and teacher well-being among elementary school teachers in the Municipality of Kalamansig, Sultan Kudarat. It aimed to determine the levels of digital transformational leadership, work-life balance, and teacher well-being; examine their interrelationships; and identify which factor(s) significantly predict teacher well-being. A quantitative, descriptive-correlational research design was employed. Using purposive quota sampling, 250 full-time elementary teachers participated in the study. Data were collected via adopted and validated Likert-scale questionnaires measuring digital transformational leadership (knowledge sharing, emotional intelligence, visionary leadership, digital citizenship, and systemic improvement), work-life balance (nature of work, work flexibility, workload, compensation, organizational support, and personal life), and teacher well-being (workload well-being, organizational well-being, and student interaction well-being). Statistical analyses included mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis. Results showed that teachers perceived high levels of digital transformational leadership and work-life balance, while overall teacher well-being was moderate to high. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between digital transformational leadership and teacher well-being, whereas work-life balance was not significantly correlated with well-being. Regression analysis indicated that digital transformational leadership significantly predicts teacher well-being, explaining 14.4% of its variance. The findings highlight the importance of digitally empowered transformational leadership in enhancing teacher well-being and suggest that fostering supportive leadership practices may be more influential than work-life balance alone. These insights have implications for policy-making, leadership development, and institutional interventions aimed at improving teacher welfare in semi-urban educational settings.

Keywords


Digital Transformational Leadership, Work-Life Balance, Teacher Well- Being, Educational Policy and Leadership, Teacher Development and Support

Full Text:

PDF

References


Ahmed, S., & Rahman, T. (2024). Enhancing work‑life balance through teacher training: The role of emotional intelligence and stress management. Journal of Educational Development, 15(2), 112–128.

Alcañiz, M., Riera-Prunera, M. C., & Solé-Auró, A. (2021). Demographics and job satisfaction as predictors of mental well-being of Filipino teachers: A web-based survey two years after the onset of pandemic. International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, 18, 45–60. https://www.upo.es/revistas/index.php/IJERI/article/view/8205

Aldrup, K., Klusmann, U., Lüdtke, O., & Trautwein, U. (2023). On the outcomes of teacher wellbeing: A systematic review of research. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1205179. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1205179

Alves, R., Lopes, T., & Precioso, J. (2021). Teachers’ well-being in times of Covid-19 pandemic: Factors that explain professional well-being. International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, 15, 203–217. https://doi.org/10.46661/ijeri.5286

Anwar, M. A., & Saraih, U. N. (2024). Digital leadership in the digital era of education: Enhancing knowledge sharing and emotional intelligence. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 13(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v13-i1/16100

Arens, A. K., & Morin, A. J. S. (2023). Relations between teachers’ emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment and students’ academic achievement: The moderating role of school leadership. Educational Psychology, 43(1), 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2022.2085215

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273-285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2023). Job demands–resources model: A decade of development. Current Opinion in Psychology, 45, 100854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.12.004

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2023). Job demands–resources model: A decade of development. Current Opinion in Psychology, 45, 100854.

Banaybanay District teachers. (2024). Teachers’ perspectives on workload, time management, and professional well‑being. International Journal of Learning and Teaching Excellence, 12(3), 78–92.

Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of self-regulation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 248-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90022-L

Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1

Bandura, A. (2006). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. Information Age Publishing.

Collie, R. J. (2014). Understanding teacher well-being and motivation: Measurement, theory, and change over time [Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia]. UBC Theses and Dissertations Repository. https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/24/items/1.0166005

Collie, R. J., & Martin, A. J. (2023). Teacher well-being and sense of relatedness with students: Examining associations over one school term. Teaching and Teacher Education, 132, 104233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2023.104233

Collie, R. J., & Martin, A. J. (2023). Teacher well-being and student-teacher relationships: Investigating reciprocal links in the context of job demands and resources. Teaching and Teacher Education, 121, 103991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2023.103991

Collie, R. J., Shapka, J. D., & Perry, N. E. (2015). School climate and social–emotional learning: Predicting teacher stress, job satisfaction, and teaching efficacy. Journal of Educational Psychology, 107(4), 1189–1204. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000038

Creagh, S., Thompson, G., Mockler, N., Stacey, M., & Hogan, A. (2025). Workload, work intensification and time poverty for teachers and school leaders: A systematic research synthesis. Educational Review, 77(2), 661–680. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2023.2196607

Creswell, J.W., & Creswell, J.D. (2018). research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach. Sage Publications.

Dalid, R. M. (2025). Work‑life balance and job satisfaction among elementary teachers in M’lang, Cotabato. American Journal of Educational Research, 13(5), 287–295.

Dreer, B. (2023). On the outcomes of teacher wellbeing: A systematic review of research. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1205179. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1205179

Duran, E. P., Pontillas, P. V., & Comon, J. D. (2024). Teachers’ work–life balance and well-being across Opol East District, Division of Misamis Oriental. European Modern Studies Journal, 8(4), 134–143. https://doi.org/10.59573/emsj.8(4).2024.9

Education Support. (2024). Teacher Wellbeing Index 2024 [Report]. https://www.educationsupport.org.uk/resources/research-reports/teacher-wellbeing-index-2024/

Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (2001). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500–507. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500

Fiori, M., Goldina, A., & Rosenzweig, J. M. (2023). Teacher well-being: A literature review. Research in Education. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382404646

Gallup. (2022). Burnout remains a problem for teachers. https://news.gallup.com/poll/388134/burnout-remains-problem-teachers.aspx

Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. H. (2011). Exploring the journey of school improvement: Classifying and analyzing patterns of change in school improvement processes and learning outcomes. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 22(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2010.536322

Hascher, T., & Waber, J. (2021). Teacher well-being: A systematic review of the research literature from the year 2000–2019. Educational Research Review, 34, 100411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2021.100411

Hascher, T., & Waber, J. (2021). Teacher well-being: A systematic review of the research literature from the year 2000–2019. Educational Research Review, 34, 100411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2021.100411

Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524.

Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement, 30(3), 607-610.

Li, X., Chen, X., & Gao, D. (2022). Influence of work–family conflict on turnover intention of primary and secondary school teachers: Serial mediating role of psychological contract and job satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 869344. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.869344

Liwag, M. E. C., de Guzman, M. R. T., Billedo, C. J., Supapo, J. A., Marasigan, J. P., Pasion, J. E., & David, C. C. (2023). The mental health and well-being of students and teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Combining classical statistics and machine learning approaches. Educational Psychology. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372261790

Ma, Y., Smith, B., & Green, P. (2022). Role conflict and psychological safety: Effects on teacher well-being during remote teaching. Journal of Educational Psychology, 114(6), 1012–1025. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000686

Medina‑Garrido, J. A., Biedma‑Ferrer, J. M., & Ramos‑Rodriguez, A. R. (2023). Relationship between work‑family balance, employee well‑being and job performance. International Journal of Organizational Behavior, 10, 25–42.

Meidelina, O., Saleh, A. Y., Cathlin, C. A., & Winesa, S. A. (2023). Transformational leadership and teacher well-being: A systematic review. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 17(3), 417–424. https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v17i3.20858

Norrish, J. M., Williams, P., O’Connor, M., & Robinson, J. (2013). An applied framework for positive education. International Journal of Wellbeing, 3(2), 147–161. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v3i2.2

Pew Research Center. (2024, March 7). Teachers’ job satisfaction and stress in 2024: Over three-quarters find their job stressful. Pew Research Center. https://www.parents.com/teachers-job-satisfaction-new-study-8624754

Ramana, D. V., & Reddy, T. N. (2024). The influence of flexible working hours and compensation on employee well-being: The mediating role of work-life balance. Journal of Employment and Well-being, 1(2), 45–60.

Rassel, G., Leland, S., Mohr, Z., & O'Sullivan, E. (2020). Research methods for public administrators.

Schunk, D. H., & DiBenedetto, M. K. (2020). Motivation and social cognitive theory. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 60, 101832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.101832

Soini, T., Pietarinen, J., & Pyhältö, K. (2021). Teachers’ experienced social support, student relationships, and well-being at work. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 36, 377–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-020-00471-6

Spilt, J. L., & Koomen, H. M. Y. (2019). Teacher well-being: The role of student–teacher relationships. In M. L. Klassen & D. J. Shernoff (Eds.), Exploring teacher stress and well-being (pp. 75–91). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00084-8_5

Stangor, C. (2019, June 28). 3.5 Psychologists use descriptive, correlational, and experimental research designs to understand behaviour. Pressbooks. https://openpress.usask.ca/introductiontopsychology/chapter/psychologists-use-descriptive-correlational-and-experimental-research-designs-tounderstand-behavior/

Steiner, E. D., Doan, S. N., Woo, A., Gittens, A. D., Lawrence, R. A., Berdie, L., Berglund, T., & Schwartz, H. L. (2023). Teacher well-being and intentions to leave in 2023: Results from the State of the American Teacher survey. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA1108-12.html

Viac, C., & Fraser, P. (2020). Teachers’ well-being: A framework for data collection and analysis. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 213. https://doi.org/10.1787/c36fc9d3-en

Vidya, P. D., & Rethy, P. M. (2022). Factors influencing work‑life balance: Nature of work, flexibility, workload, compensation, and organizational support. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 8(11), 3490–3500.

Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Zhang, Q., & Wang, X. (2023). Exploring the impact of workload, organizational support, and work engagement on teachers’ psychological well-being: A structural equation modeling approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1345740. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1345740

Yani, M. R., Supriatna, A., & Prasojo, L. D. (2023). The role of digital transformational leadership in building teacher satisfaction in the era of education 4.0. International Journal of Instruction, 16(1), 421–436. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2023.16124a

Allen, T. D., Johnson, R. C., Kiburz, K. M., & Shockley, K. M. (2013).

Work–family conflict and flexible work arrangements: Deconstructing flexibility. Personnel Psychology, 66(2), 345–376.

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The Job Demands Resources model: State of the

art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309–328.

Bass, B. M. (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share

the vision. Organizational Dynamics.

Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership (2nd ed.). Psychology

Press.

Boyatzis, R., & McKee, A. (2005). Resonant leadership: Renewing yourself and

connecting with others through mindfulness, hope, and compassion. Harvard

Business School Press.

Collie, R. J., Shapka, J. D., & Perry, N. E. (2012). School climate and social–emotional

learning: Predicting teacher stress, job satisfaction, and teaching efficacy. Journal

of Educational Psychology, 104(4), 1189–1204.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs

and the self determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268.

Friedman, I. A. (2000). Burnout in teachers: Shattered dreams of impeccable professional

performance. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(5), 595–606.

Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. Bantam

Books.

Greenhaus, J. H., & Allen, T. D. (2011). Work–family balance: A review and extension of

the literature. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health

psychology (2nd ed., pp. 165–183). American Psychological Association.

Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family

roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76–88.

Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (2012). The leadership challenge: How to make

extraordinary things happen in organizations (5th ed.). Jossey Bass.

Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2008). Emotional intelligence: New ability or

eclectic traits? American Psychologist, 63(6), 503–517.

Nonaka, I., & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge creating company: How Japanese

companies create the dynamics of innovation. Oxford University Press.

Meidelina, N., et al. (2023). [Meidelina, O., Saleh, A. Y., Cathlin, C. A., & Winesa, S. A. (2023).

Transformational leadership and teacher well being: A systematic review. Journal of

Education and Learning (EduLearn), 17(3), 417–424.

https://doi.org/10.11591/edulearn.v17i3.20858]

Yani, M., et al. (2023). [Yani Maryani, Entang, M., & Tukiran, M. (2021). The relationship

between work motivation, work discipline and employee performance at the Regional

Secretariat of Bogor City. International Journal of Social and Management Studies

(IJOSMAS), 2(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.5555/ijosmas.v2i2.14

________________________________________




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.65010/seairj.v7i3.292

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




For inquiries, comments and suggestions please e-mail us bcrpo@brokenshire.edu.ph